SUSEDSTVO
Uobičajeno značenje reči susedstvo izvedeno je iz rečnika arhitekture i urbanizma da bi opisalo određeni deo grada s njegovim specifičnostima. Takođe, ovaj termin ima dublje društveno značenje u smislu urbanizovane, dobro stojeće zajednice naspram ilegalnih naseobina u nekim zemljama, posebno u favelama u Latinskoj Americi gde ”susedstvo” predstavlja respektabilnu zajednicu.
Francuski urbanista i teoretičar Anri Lefevr (Henri Lefebvre) je sugerisao da je, uprkos svim nastojanjima modernizma i modernizacije da homogenizuje i komodifikuje prostor, ovaj projekt ”nor-malizacije” sprovođen od strane država u krajnjoj konsekvenci izazvao opoziciju i negativan stav. Posledica je bilo mnoštvo prostora koje je on okarakterisao kao ”diferencirane”, i koji su nastavili da odolevaju i u neo-kapitalizmu.
Društvena (klasna) segregacija kroz proces homogenizacije u urbanom orkuženju stvorila je različita ekstremna ‘susedstva’ kao što su zajednice sa ograničenim pristupom (gated communities) s jedne strane, i ilegalne naseobine i geta s druge, stvarajući tako različita društveno-prostorna okruženja. U jeziku supkulturnih grupa, ali i bandi u velikim gradovima, termin susedstva se tako shvata kao jasno razgraničena teritorija kontrole i hegemonije kroz upotrebu prostora.
U zemljama real-socijalizma delovi grada koji su se sastojali od velikih blokova višespratnica, susedstvo je jasno označeno ”granicama” blokova i uglavom je smatrano za spavaonicu. U periodu postsocijalizma temeljne urbanističke promene zahvatile su i ove gradske blokove, bilo kroz process džentrifikacije ili kao što se često dešavalo, kroz društveno-prostornu transformaciju u ”urbani geto”.
LOKALNA SITUACIJA
The common connotation of the term neighbourhood is derived from the vocabulary of architecture and urbanism to describe certain part of the city with its specificities. Moreover, it has a deeper social meaning in terms of the urbanized, well off community area as opposed to the illegal settlements in some countries, especially in the favelas in Latin America where ‘neighbourhood’ means respectful community.
Henry Lefebvre suggested that in spite of all attempts of modernity and modernization to homogenize and commodify space, this project of ‘normalization’ conducted by the states ultimately provoked opposition and negativity. The consequence was a plurality of what he called ‘differentiated’ spaces that continued to persist under neo-capitalism, where difference is registered and linked to the clandestine or underground side of life.
The social (class) segregation through the process of homogenization in urban environment created different extreme ‘neighbourhoods’ such as isolated ‘residential’ areas and even gated communities on one side and illegal settlements and ghettos on the other all creating different socio-spatial environment. In the language of sub-cultural groups, but also gangs in big cities, the same term neighbourhood is therefore understood as clearly marked territory of control and hegemony through the use of space.
In the counties of real socialism the city area consisting of big blocks of skyscrapers, (in East Germany called “platenbau”) the neighbourhood was clearly marked by the “borders” of the block and is mainly seen as a dormitory. In the period of “post-socialism” the thorough urban change affected those city blocks as well, be it with the process of gentrification, or as it often happened, socio-spatial transformation into “urban ghettos”.
The research team has focused on the processes that are happening in some blocks of New Belgrade. The “city within the city” and one of the biggest and most populous counties of Belgrade is now facing the fast urban restructurings, both gentrification and ghettoisation. On one side there is a problem of a loss of the public space that was never fully developed in New Belgrade and is now overtaken by big supermarkets and shopping malls. On the other side the new segregation driven mostly by economic, social or even racial distinctions created new homogenized neighbourhoods and even new “urban ghettos”. The special focus of the project would be to investigate the blocks where these marginalized social groups like refugees, Roma people that were not accepted to the certain blocks in New Belgrade, and the Chinese community, are all fighting to achieve their “spatial justice” (Edward Soja).
